Voltage gated sodium channel imaging agents

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are radiolabeled compounds useful for minimally invasive imaging techniques. An exemplary radiolabeled compound provided herein is useful as a radiotracer for position emission tomography imaging of voltage gated sodium channels. Methods for prepared unlabeled and labeled compounds, and diagnostic methods using the compounds are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/477,257, filed Jul. 11, 2019, which is a national stage applicationunder 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No.PCT/US2018/013287, filed on Jan. 11, 2018, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/445,045, filed Jan. 11, 2017,the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Grant Nos.HL116848, HL127240, AG043822, TR001082, S10RR017208, and S10RR023452awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certainrights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application provides radiolabeled compounds useful forimaging techniques, and more particularly to radiolabeled compounds thatare useful for imaging voltage gated sodium channels and diseasesrelated thereto. The present application further provides compounds(e.g., labeled or unlabeled compounds) useful for treating diseasesassociated with abnormal expression levels and/or activity of voltagegated sodium channels.

BACKGROUND

Voltage gated sodium channels (i.e., NaVs) encompass a family of ninetransmembrane proteins (Nav1.1-Nav1.9) that conduct sodium currentsacross membranes in response to changes in membrane voltage (see e.g.,Kwong & Carr, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2015, 22:131-139). As such, theyplay a role in fast electrical communication by initiating andpropagating action potential firing (see e.g., Bean et al, Nat. Rev.Neurosci. 2007, 8:451-465). While neurons of the central and peripheralnervous system contain different populations of NaVs, one isoform,NaV1.5 (and the corresponding gene, SCN5A) is found in the myocardium(see e.g., Gellens et al, Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences, 1992, 89:554-558). SCN5A is the initiator of cardiacelectrical signalling, and thus controls heart rate and contraction.

SUMMARY

The present application provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   X¹ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —NR^(N)C(O);    -   R^(N) is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl,        and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   L¹ is a C₁₋₃ alkylene group;    -   Ar¹ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 5-6        membered heteroaryl, wherein the phenyl and 5-6 membered        heteroaryl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5        independently selected R³ groups;    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl        group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   wherein the compound of Formula I comprises at least one halo or        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl group.

In some embodiments, X¹ is NHC(O) or O. In some embodiments, X¹ isNHC(O).

In some embodiments, L¹ is methylene or propan-1,2-diyl. In someembodiments, L¹ is methylene.

In some embodiments, R¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1,2, 3, 4, or 5 independently selected R³ groups. In some embodiments, R¹is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is H or ethyl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consistingof C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groupis optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selectedfrom the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is2-fluoroethyl. In some embodiments, R² is H.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro,C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and        C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group is        optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group is optionally        substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from        the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3        independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is ethyl;    -   R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3        independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is ethyl;    -   R² is 2-fluoroethyl;    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaIa:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 5.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaIa:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 5.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 3.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaIII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaIV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 3.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 3.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaVI:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable saltcomprises at least one radioisotope. In some embodiments, the compoundor pharmaceutically acceptable salt comprises at least one radioisotopeselected from the group consisting of ¹¹C, ¹³N, and ¹⁸F. In someembodiments, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt comprisesat least one ¹⁸F radioisotope

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaVII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from thegroup consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present application further provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present application further provides a method of blocking one ormore isoforms of voltage gated sodium channels in a cell sample ortissue sample, comprising contacting the cell sample or tissue samplewith a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

The present application further provides a method of blocking one ormore isoforms of voltage gated sodium channels in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject a compound provided herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises blocking sodium channelNav1.5.

The present application further provides a method of imaging one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a cell sample or tissue sample,comprising:

-   -   i) contacting the cell sample or tissue sample with a        radiolabeled compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically        acceptable salt thereof; and    -   ii) imaging the cell sample or tissue sample with an imaging        technique.

The present application further provides a method of imaging one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject, comprising:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a radiolabeled compound provided        herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

In some embodiments, the method comprises imaging sodium channel Nav1.5.

The present application further provides a method of imaging the heartin a subject, comprising:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a radiolabeled compound provided        herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

The present application further provides a method of imaging the spinalcord in a subject, comprising:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a radiolabeled compound provided        herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

The present application further provides a method of imaging a tumor ina subject, comprising:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a radiolabeled compound provided        herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

The present application further provides a method of monitoringtreatment of a disease associated with abnormal expression levels of oneor more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject, comprising:

-   -   i) imaging the subject with an imaging technique;    -   ii) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective        amount of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically        acceptable salt thereof;    -   iii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique; and    -   iv) comparing the image of step i) and the image of step iii).

The present application further provides a method of monitoringtreatment of a disease associated with abnormal activity of one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject, comprising:

-   -   i) imaging the subject with an imaging technique;    -   ii) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective        amount of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically        acceptable salt thereof;    -   iii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique; and    -   iv) comparing the image of step i) and the image of step iii).

The present application further provides a method of imaging a diseaseassociated with abnormal expression levels of one or more voltage gatedsodium channel isoforms, the method comprising:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a radiolabeled compound provided        herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

In some embodiments, the imaging technique is selected from the groupconsisting of single-photon emission computed tomography, positronemission tomography imaging, computed tomography, positron emissiontomography with computed tomography imaging, positron emissiontomography with magnetic resonance imaging. In some embodiments, theimaging technique is positron emission tomography imaging.

In some embodiments, the disease is associated with abnormal expressionlevels of voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.5. In some embodiments, thedisease is associated with low expression levels of voltage gated sodiumchannel Nav1.5 in the subject compared to the expression levels ofsodium channel Nav1.5 in a control subject. In some embodiments, thedisease is associated with abnormal activity of voltage gated sodiumchannel Nav1.5 in the subject compared to the activity of sodium channelNav1.5 in a control subject.

In some embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consistingof cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and cancer. In someembodiments, the cardiovascular disease comprises cardiac arrhythmia. Insome embodiments, the cardiovascular disease is selected from the groupconsisting of cardiomyopathy, ventricular fibrillation, tachycardia,myocardial infarction, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, progressivecardiac conduction disease, sick sinus syndrome, atrial fibrillation,hypertension, myocarditis, and heart failure.

In some embodiments, the neurological disease is selected from the groupconsisting of multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,neuropathic pain, diabetic pain, cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofbreast cancer, prostate cancer, and small cell lung cancer, andnon-small cell lung cancer.

The present application further provides a process of preparing acompound of Formula VIII:

or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of Formula Ic:

with a compound of Formula IX:

in the presence of a base, wherein:

-   -   LG is a leaving group;    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   n is an integer from 0 to 5.

In some embodiments, the base is a carbonate base. In some embodiments,the base is potassium carbonate.

In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at a temperature of about50° C. to about 150° C.

In some embodiments, about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents of the compound ofFormula IX is used based on 1 equivalent of the compound of Formula Ic.

The present application further provides a process of preparing acompound of Formula X:

or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of Formula Ic:

with a compound of Formula IXa:

wherein:

-   -   LG is a leaving group;    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   n is an integer from 0 to 5.

In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at a temperature of about50° C. to about 150° C.

In some embodiments, LG is a leaving group selected from the groupconsisting of tosylate and mesylate. In some embodiments, LG is atosylate group.

In some embodiments, the reacting is performed in a solvent. In someembodiments, the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent or a polar proticsolvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is selected from the groupconsisting of dimethylformamide and acetonitrile.

The present application further provides a process of preparing acompound of the following formula:

or a salt thereof, comprising reactingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide with 2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate, wherein the reacting is performed in a polaraprotic solvent.

In some embodiments, the reacting is performed as a one-pot synthesis.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials aredescribed herein for use in the present invention; other, suitablemethods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials,methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to belimiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences,database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporatedby reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows images of rat myocardial tissue slices (20 μm) incubatedwith N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide(top) orN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide and500 μM N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide(bottom). Both the left and right ventricle (LV & RV) are visible andsurrounded by the myocardium, which displayed a strong radioactivesignal. Suppression of this signal by coincubation withN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamidedemonstrated displaceable binding.

FIG. 1B shows a comparison of the known SCN5A blocker lidocaine andN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide ascompetition ligands at the same concentration. Both ligands showed thesame level of non-displaceable binding.

FIG. 1C shows incubation times of 1, 5, 10 and 20 min tested toinvestigate equilibrium conditions. After 5 min of incubation withN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide,specific binding (B_(S)) reached a constant level (B_(T)=total binding;B_(NS)=nonspecific binding).

FIG. 1D shows washing times of 3 sec, 1 min, and 5 min tested to showsignal to background conditions and the dissociation time course. Washtimes of only 1 min were sufficient to reduce non-specific binding to aconstant level (error bars represent one standard deviation;B_(S)=specific binding; B_(T)=total binding; B_(NS)=nonspecificbinding).

FIG. 1E shows the synthesis of [¹⁸F]-fluoroethyltosylate ([¹⁸F]FETs) viareaction of ¹⁸FK[2.2.2] with ethane-1,2-diylbis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate). The [¹⁸F]-fluoroethyltosylate wasisolated from the remaining ethane-1,2-diylbis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) via precipitation of the ethane-1,2-diylbis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) upon addition of H₂O and subsequentfiltration.

FIG. 2A shows summed images (3-5 min) of rat myocardium after anintravenous (i.v.) bolus injection of 750 μCiN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide(top) or a 5 mg/kg dose (i.v.) of lidocaine dissolved in saline fiveminutes before 1036 μCiN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide(bottom) (baseline animal was injected with an equivalent volume ofsaline). The images show coronal, sagittal and transverse views of therat thorax.

FIG. 2B shows time-activity-curves (TACs) of rat myocardium and lung(N=3, error bars represent one standard deviation).

FIG. 2C shows ratio of myocardium to lung over time and as a function ofdrug occupancy. Doses of 0.1 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 5.0 mg/kg lidocaine,or an equivalent volume of saline were injected (i.v.) 5 min beforeinjection ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide (N=2for each dose, error bars represent one standard deviation).

FIG. 2D shows a representative bolus+infusion paradigm.N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide wasinjected (i.v.) followed by continuous syringe-pump infusion for 40 min(rate=1 mL/hour). The signal represents the ratio of myocardium overlung and was normalized to the plateau after 20 min.

FIG. 2E shows a representative bolus+infusion paradigm with i.v.lidocaine injection during a dynamic PET scan with continuousradiotracer infusion (1 mL/hour). Using an additional i.v. line, thevehicle or increasing concentrations of lidocaine (0.5-5 mg/kg) wereinjected. Specific binding was calculated as the myocardium/lung ratioat the TAC-plateau minus the same ratio after injection of a 5.0 mg/kglidocaine dose.

FIG. 3A shows thoracic PET-images of a baboon injected with 5.08 mCiN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide.Upper panel shows summed images (30-150 seconds) from coronal, sagittaland transverse view with blood-filled heart and lungs. The middle panelshows the same scan as the upper panel summed from 8-10 min with a clearmyocardial signal. The lower panel shows the same animal in aN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide scanand treated with 5 mg/kg (i.v.) lidocaine 5 minutes prior to injectionof the radiolabeled compound.

FIG. 3B shows TACs of the myocardium and ventricle of the baboon shownin the upper panel of FIG. 3A. The ventricle was used as an internalreference for measuring theN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamideblood signal.

FIG. 3C shows TACs of the baboon shown in the lower panel of FIG. 3A.The competition ligand lidocaine, injected 5 minutes prior toN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidesuppressed the myocardial signal to background levels.

FIG. 3D shows images of a baboon treated with a bolus+infusion paradigm,followed by an in-scan lidocaine challenge. A dose of 5.0 mg/kglidocaine was injected after the myocardial signal had reached aplateau. 10 min after administration of the lidocaine, the myocardialsignal was reduced to background levels.

FIG. 4A shows a comparison of specificN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidesignal relative to heart tissues samples from non-failing group NF1determined by autoradiography at equilibrium conditions with 500 μMlidocaine as blocking agent (N=5, n≥13, significance * is defined byp<0.05 as determined by student t-test).

FIG. 4B shows dose-response experiments with increasing concentrationsof N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide. Usingself-displacement, the IC₅₀-value generated with this assay equaled theK_(d)-value (error bars represent one standard deviation).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Although SCN5A, and the corresponding sodium voltage-gated channel alphasubunit 5 (NaV1.5), is thought to be a potentially important componentin cardiac function, there is a lack of knowledge about its expressiondensity in healthy individuals and as a function of disease. Forexample, current methods are unable to measure SCN5A density in patientsto gauge response to therapies such as antiarrythmic agents or cardiacpacemakers/defibrillators, and it has not been possible to quantify drugoccupancy levels at NaV1.5 that are efficacious. The compounds andradiolabeled compounds provided herein engage SCN5A in the myocardiumand addresses the need for agents which are useful for monitoring levelsof SCN5A and NaV1.5.

Compounds

The present application provides a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   X¹ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —NR^(N)C(O);    -   R^(N) is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl,        and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   L¹ is a C₁₋₃ alkylene group;    -   Ar¹ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and 5-6        membered heteroaryl, wherein the phenyl and 5-6 membered        heteroaryl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5        independently selected R³ groups;    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl        group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound provided herein is not a compoundselected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, X¹ is O. In some embodiments, X¹ is —NR^(N)C(O)—.In some embodiments, X¹ is —NHC(O)—.

In some embodiments, L¹ is methylene. In some embodiments, L¹ ispropan-1,2-diyl.

In some embodiments, Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1,2, 3, 4, or 5 independently selected R³ groups. In some embodiments, Ar¹is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 independentlyselected R³ groups. In some embodiments, Ar¹ is phenyl which isoptionally substituted by 1 or 2 independently selected R³ groups. Insome embodiments, Ar¹ is:

wherein

indicates the bond between Ar¹ and X¹ and n is an integer from 0 to 3.In some embodiments, Ar¹ is:

wherein

indicates the bond between Ar¹ and X¹.

In some embodiments, Ar¹ is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl group which isoptionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 independently selected R³groups. In some embodiments, Ar¹ is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl groupwhich is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R³groups. In some embodiments, Ar¹ is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl groupwhich is optionally substituted by 1 or 2 independently selected R³groups. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl group of Ar¹comprises 1, 2, or 3 heteroatom ring members independently selected fromN and S.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is H.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylgroup is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consistingof C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylgroup is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consistingof C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylgroup is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of fluoro and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consistingof C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groupis optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selectedfrom the group consisting of fluoro and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is 2-fluoroethyl. In someembodiments, R² is H.

In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each H. In some embodiments, R¹ is Hand R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group isoptionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In someembodiments, R¹ is H and R² is selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl groupis optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In someembodiments, R¹ is H and R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹is H and R² is C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyland R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group is optionally substitutedby 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl and R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyland R² is C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is O or NHC(O);    -   L¹ is C₁₋₃ alkylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl        group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is C₁₋₃ alkylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl        group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆        haloalkyl, and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl        group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and        C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group is        optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo and        C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group is optionally        substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from        the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group is optionally        substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from        the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl and        C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group is optionally        substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from        the group consisting of fluoro and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl;    -   R² is C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is ethyl;    -   R² is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3        independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is ethyl;    -   R² is C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is NHC(O);    -   L¹ is methylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3        independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ is ethyl;    -   R² is 2-fluoroethyl;    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is O;    -   L¹ is C₁₋₃ alkylene;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or        5 independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ and R² are each H; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is O;    -   L¹ is propan-1,2-diyl;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3        independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ and R² are each H; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

-   -   X¹ is O;    -   L¹ is propan-1,2-diyl;    -   Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3        independently substituted R³ groups;    -   R¹ and R² are each H; and    -   each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of        fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaIa:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 5 and variables R¹, R² and R³ are defined according to thedefinitions provided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group isoptionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyland C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group is optionallysubstituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is 2-fluoroethyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and R² is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl and R² is C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl and R² is C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, n is an integer from 0 to 3. In some embodiments, nis 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In someembodiments, n is 3.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaIb:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 5 and variables R¹, R² and R³ are defined according to thedefinitions provided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is a compound of Formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 3 and variables R¹, R², and R³ are defined according to thedefinitions provided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group isoptionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyland C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group is optionallysubstituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is 2-fluoroethyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and R² is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl and R² is C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl and R² is C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is an independently selectedC₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments, each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 0.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is a compound of Formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein variables R¹, R²,and R³ are defined according to the definitions provided herein forcompounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group isoptionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyland C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group is optionallysubstituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, R² is 2-fluoroethyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and R² is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, wherein the C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl and R² is C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃ alkyl and R² is C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is a compound of Formula IV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 3, and variable R³ is defined according to the definitionsprovided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 0.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is a compound of Formula V:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 3, and variables R¹ and R³ are defined according to thedefinitions provided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 0.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is a compound of Formula VI:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein variables R¹ andR³ are defined according to the definitions provided herein forcompounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaVII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein variables R¹ andR³ are defined according to the definitions provided herein forcompounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaVIII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 5 and variables R¹ and R³ are defined according to thedefinitions provided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, n is an integer from 0 to 3. In some embodiments, nis 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In someembodiments, n is 3.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a compound of FormulaX:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integerfrom 0 to 5 and variables R¹ and R³ are defined according to thedefinitions provided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₃alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₃ alkyl,and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R³ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl. Insome embodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, each R³ is independently selected from the group consistingof fluoro, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, eachR³ is an independently selected C₁₋₃ alkyl group. In some embodiments,each R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, n is an integer from 0 to 3. In some embodiments, nis 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In someembodiments, n is 3.

In some embodiments, the compound provided herein is selected from thegroup consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound provided herein is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound provided herein (e.g., a compound ofany of Formulas I-VIII and X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, comprises at least one halo or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl group. In someembodiments, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,comprises at least one halo group. In some embodiments, the compound, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprises at least onefluoro group. In some embodiments, the compound, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, comprises at least one ¹⁸F group. In someembodiments, the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, comprises at least one C₁₋₆ haloalkyl group. In someembodiments, the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, comprises at least one C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl group. In someembodiments, the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, comprises at least one C₁₋₆ (¹⁸fluoro)alkyl group.

Unless specifically defined, compounds and salts provided herein canalso include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates orfinal compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomicnumber but different mass numbers.

Accordingly, the present application further provides radiolabeledcompounds (e.g., a compound of Formula VII or X, or a radiolabeledcompound of any of Formulas I-VI or VIII), or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, that would be useful not only in imagingtechniques but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, foridentifying (e.g., locating, labeling), measuring (e.g., quantitative ornon-quantitative measuring) and quantitating voltage gated sodiumchannel levels in cell samples, tissue samples, and subjects providedherein.

In some embodiments, a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of anyof Formulas I-VIII and X) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, comprisesat least one radioisotope. As used herein, the term “radioisotope”refers to an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different fromthe atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e.,naturally occurring). A “radiolabeled” compound is a compound providedherein where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atomhaving an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass ormass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring).Example radioisotopes include, but are not limited to, ¹¹C, ¹³N, ¹⁵O,¹⁸F, ^(34m)Cl, ³⁸K, ⁴⁵Ti, ⁵¹Mn, ^(52m)Mn, ⁵²Fe, ⁵⁵Co, ⁶⁰Cu, ⁶¹Cu, ⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁴As, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁸²Rb, ⁸⁶Y, ⁸⁹Zr,⁹⁰Nb, ^(94m)Tc, ^(99m)Tc, ^(110m)In, ¹¹¹In, ¹¹⁸Sb, ¹²⁰I, ¹²¹I, ¹²²I,¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I, and ²⁰¹Tl.

In some embodiments, the radioisotope is a positron emitter. As usedherein the term “positron emitter” refers to a radioisotope wherein aproton is converted to a neutron, thereby releasing a positron and anelectron neutrino. In some embodiments, the positron emitter is ¹¹C or¹⁸F.

In some embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable saltprovided herein comprises at least one radioisotope selected from thegroup consisting of ¹¹C, ¹³N, and ¹⁸F. In some embodiments, the compoundor pharmaceutically acceptable salt comprises at least one ¹⁸Fradioisotope. In some embodiments, at least one halo group of a compoundprovided herein is a radioisotope. In some embodiments at least one halogroup of a compound provided herein is ¹⁸F. In some embodiments, atleast one haloalkyl or fluoroalkyl group of a compound provided hereincomprises at least one radioisotope. In some embodiments, at least onehaloalkyl or fluoroalkyl group of a compound provided herein comprisesat least one ¹⁸F radioisotope.

In some embodiments, R^(N) comprises at least one radioisotope. In someembodiments, R^(N) comprises one radioisotope. In some embodiments,R^(N) comprises one ¹⁸F radioisotope.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises at least one radioisotope. In someembodiments, R¹ comprises one radioisotope. In some embodiments, R¹comprises one ¹⁸F radioisotope.

In some embodiments, R² comprises at least one radioisotope. In someembodiments, R² comprises one radioisotope. In some embodiments, R²comprises one ¹⁸F radioisotope.

In some embodiments, at least one R³ group comprises at least oneradioisotope. In some embodiments, at least one R³ group comprises oneradioisotope. In some embodiments, at least one R³ group comprises one¹⁸F radioisotope.

Unless otherwise stated, when an atom is designated as an isotope orradioisotope (e.g., deuterium, ¹¹C, ¹⁸F), the atom is understood tocomprise the isotope or radioisotope in an amount at least greater thanthe natural abundance of the isotope or radioisotope. For example, whenan atom is designated as “D” or “deuterium”, the position is understoodto have deuterium at an abundance that is at least 3000 times greaterthan the natural abundance of deuterium, which is 0.015% (i.e., at least45% incorporation of deuterium).

As used herein, the term “Ci”, refers to “Curie”, a unit ofradioactivity.

As used herein, the term “specific activity” refers to the activity of agiven radioisotope per unit mass, for example, Ci/g.

Synthesis

As will be appreciated, the compounds provided herein, including saltsthereof, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques andcan be synthesized according to any of numerous possible syntheticroutes.

The compounds provided herein can be prepared, for example, according tothe procedure shown in Scheme 1, wherein groups R¹, R², R³, and n are asdefined herein for compounds of Formula I. For example, reactingcompound (i) with an appropriately substituted compound (ii), where LGis a leaving group (e.g., a tosylate group, a mesylate group, and thelike) at elevated temperature in the presence of a base (e.g. potassiumcarbonate) affords a compound of Formula I (e.g. a compound of FormulaIa).

The compounds provided herein can also be prepared, for example,according to the procedure shown in Scheme 2, wherein groups R¹, R², R³,and n are as defined herein for compounds of Formula I. For example,reacting compound (iii) with an appropriately substituted compound (iv),where LG is a leaving group (e.g., a tosylate group, a mesylate group,and the like) at elevated temperature in the presence of a base (e.g.potassium carbonate) affords a compound of Formula I (e.g., a compoundof Formula Ia).

The radiolabeled compounds of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof, may be prepared, for example, according to the procedureshown in Scheme 3, wherein groups R¹, R³, and n are as defined hereinfor compounds of Formula I, and R²* is a group comprising at least oneradioisotope. For example, reacting compound (v) with an appropriatelysubstituted compound (vi), where LG is a leaving group (e.g., a tosylategroup, a mesylate group, and the like) at elevated temperature in thepresence of a base (e.g. potassium carbonate) affords a radiolabeledcompound of Formula I (e.g., a radiolabeled compound of Formula Ia).

The radiolabeled compounds of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof, may be also prepared, for example, according to theprocedure shown in Scheme 4, wherein groups R², R³, and n are as definedherein for compounds of Formula I, and R¹* is a group comprising atleast one radioisotope. For example, reacting compound (vii) with anappropriately substituted compound (viii), where LG is a leaving group(e.g., a tosylate group, a mesylate group, and the like) at elevatedtemperature in the presence of a base (e.g. potassium carbonate) affordsa radiolabeled compound of Formula I (e.g., a radiolabeled compound ofFormula Ia).

Additional synthetic methods for incorporating radioisotopes intoorganic compounds are well known in the art, and one of ordinary skillin the art will readily recognize other methods applicable for preparingthe radiolabeled compounds and salts provided herein.

The present application further provides a method of preparing acompound of Formula VIII:

or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of Formula Ic:

with a compound of Formula IX:

in the presence of a base, wherein LG is a leaving group and variablesn, R¹, and R³ are defined according to the definitions provided hereinfor compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, the base is a carbonate base. Example carbonatebases include, but are not limited to, lithium carbonate, sodiumcarbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, the like. In someembodiments, the base is potassium carbonate.

In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at a temperature of about50° C. to about 150° C., for example, about 50° C. to about 150° C.,about 50° C. to about 130° C., about 50° C. to about 110° C., about 50°C. to about 90° C., about 50° C. to about 70° C., about 70° C. to about150° C., about 70° C. to about 130° C., about 70° C. to about 110° C.,about 70° C. to about 90° C., about 90° C. to about 150° C., about 90°C. to about 130° C., about 90° C. to about 110° C., about 110° C. toabout 150° C., about 110° C. to about 130° C., or about 110° C. to about130° C. In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at a temperatureof about 90° C. to about 110° C. In some embodiments, about 1 to about 5equivalents of the compound of Formula IX is used based on 1 equivalentof the compound of Formula Ic, for example, about 1 to aboutequivalents, about 1 to about 4 equivalents, about 1 to about 3equivalents, about 1 to about 2 equivalents, about 1 to about 1.5equivalents, about 1.5 to about 5 equivalents, about 1.5 to about 4equivalents, about 1.5 to about 3 equivalents, about 1.5 to about 2equivalents, about 2 to about 5 equivalents, about 2 to about 4equivalents, about 2 to about 3 equivalents, about 3 to about 5equivalents, about 3 to about 4 equivalents, or about 4 to about 5equivalents. In some embodiments, about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents ofthe compound of Formula IX is used based on 1 equivalent of the compoundof Formula Ic.

The present application further provides a process of preparing acompound of Formula X:

or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of Formula Ic:

with a compound of Formula IXa:

wherein LG is a leaving group and variables n, R¹, and R³ are definedaccording to the definitions provided herein for compounds of Formula I.

In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at a temperature of about50° C. to about 150° C., for example, about 50° C. to about 150° C.,about 50° C. to about 130° C., about 50° C. to about 110° C., about 50°C. to about 90° C., about 50° C. to about 70° C., about 70° C. to about150° C., about 70° C. to about 130° C., about 70° C. to about 110° C.,about 70° C. to about 90° C., about 90° C. to about 150° C., about 90°C. to about 130° C., about 90° C. to about 110° C., about 110° C. toabout 150° C., about 110° C. to about 130° C., or about 110° C. to about130° C. In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at a temperatureof about 90° C. to about 110° C.

As used herein, the term “leaving group” is understood in the art andrefers to a molecular fragment of a compound which, upon reaction of thecompound with an appropriate reactant, undergoes heterolytic bondcleavage. In some embodiments, the leaving group is an anionic leavinggroup (i.e., the molecular fragment generated upon the heterolytic bondcleavage is an anionic group). Example anionic leaving groups include,but are not limited to, but are not limited to, halides (e.g., chloride,bromide, iodide), sulfonate esters (e.g., tosylate or mesylate). In someembodiments, the leaving group is a neutral leaving group (i.e., themolecular fragment generated upon the heterolytic bond cleavage is aneutral group). Example neutral leaving groups include, but are notlimited to, water and ammonia. In some embodiments, LG is a leavinggroup selected from the group consisting of tosylate and mesylate. Insome embodiments, LG is a tosylate group.

In some embodiments, the reacting is performed in a solvent. In someembodiments, the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent or a polar proticsolvent. Example polar aproptic solvents include, but are not limitedto, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide,acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide. In some embodiments, the solventis selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide andacetonitrile. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar proticsolvent. Example polar protic solvents include, but are not limited to,alcohol solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, butanol, andthe like), nitromethane, and water.

The present application further provides a process of preparing acompound of the following formula:

or a salt thereof, comprising reactingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide with 2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate, wherein the reacting is performed in a polaraprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is selected from thegroup consisting of dimethylformamide and acetonitrile.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula IXa:

by reacting an ¹⁸F-salt with a compound of Formula XII:

in the presence of a solvent, wherein LG and LG¹ are independentlyselected leaving groups. In some embodiments, LG and LG¹ are the sameleaving group. In some embodiments, LG and LG¹ are different leavinggroups.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IXa is 2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate. In some embodiments, the compound of FormulaXII is ethane-1,2-diyl bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate). In someembodiments, the ¹⁸F-salt is ¹⁸FK. In some embodiments, the solvent is apolar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is acetonitrile.

In some embodiments, the process is performed at a temperature of about50° C. to about 150° C., for example, about 50° C. to about 150° C.,about 50° C. to about 130° C., about 50° C. to about 110° C., about 50°C. to about 90° C., about 50° C. to about 70° C., about 70° C. to about150° C., about 70° C. to about 130° C., about 70° C. to about 110° C.,about 70° C. to about 90° C., about 90° C. to about 150° C., about 90°C. to about 130° C., about 90° C. to about 110° C., about 110° C. toabout 150° C., about 110° C. to about 130° C., or about 110° C. to about130° C. In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at a temperatureof about 100° C. to about 120° C. In some embodiments, the processesprovided herein may be performed as a one-pot synthesis.

It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the processesdescribed are not the exclusive means by which compounds provided hereinmay be synthesized and that a broad repertoire of synthetic organicreactions is available to be potentially employed in synthesizingcompounds provided herein. The person skilled in the art knows how toselect and implement appropriate synthetic routes. Suitable syntheticmethods of starting materials, intermediates and products may beidentified by reference to the literature, including reference sourcessuch as: Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vols. 1-107 (Elsevier,1963-2012); Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry Vols. 1-49 (Journal ofHeterocyclic Chemistry, 1964-2012); Carreira, et al. (Ed.) Science ofSynthesis, Vols. 1-48 (2001-2010) and Knowledge Updates KU2010/1-4;2011/1-4; 2012/1-2 (Thieme, 2001-2012); Katritzky, et al. (Ed.)Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, (Pergamon Press,1996); Katritzky et al. (Ed.); Comprehensive Organic Functional GroupTransformations II (Elsevier, 2^(nd) Edition, 2004); Katritzky et al.(Ed.), Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry (Pergamon Press, 1984);Katritzky et al., Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II, (PergamonPress, 1996); Smith et al., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry:Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 6^(th) Ed. (Wiley, 2007); Trost etal. (Ed.), Comprehensive Organic Synthesis (Pergamon Press, 1991).

Preparation of compounds described herein can involve the protection anddeprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection anddeprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can bereadily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry ofprotecting groups can be found, for example, in T. W. Greene and P. G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed., Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York (1999).

Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in theart. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopicmeans, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), massspectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy(LCMS), or thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compounds can be purified bythose skilled in the art by a variety of methods, including highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and normal phase silicachromatography.

At various places in the present specification, divalent linkingsubstituents are described. It is specifically intended that eachdivalent linking substituent include both the forward and backward formsof the linking substituent. For example, —NR(CR′R″)_(n)-includes both—NR(CR′R″)_(n)— and —(CR′R″)_(n)NR—. Where the structure clearlyrequires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that groupare understood to be linking groups.

As used herein, the phrase “optionally substituted” means unsubstitutedor substituted. As used herein, the term “substituted” means that ahydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substituent. It is to beunderstood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency.

Throughout the definitions, the term “C_(n-m)” indicates a range whichincludes the endpoints, wherein n and m are integers and indicate thenumber of carbons. Examples include C₁-4, C₁₋₆, and the like.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylene”, employed alone or incombination with other terms, refers to a divalent alkyl linking grouphaving n to m carbons. Examples of alkylene groups include, but are notlimited to, methylene, ethan-1,2-diyl, propan-1,3-diyl, propan-1,2-diyl,and the like. In some embodiments, the alkylene moiety contains 1 to 6,1 to 3, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkyl”, employed alone or incombination with other terms, refers to a saturated hydrocarbon groupthat may be straight-chain or branched, having n to m carbons. Examplesof alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups suchas methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl; higher homologs such as 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl,n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, and the like. In some embodiments, thealkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “halo” refers to F, Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments,the halo is F, Cl, or Br. In some embodiments, the halo is F. In someembodiments, the halo is ¹⁸F.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) haloalkyl”, employed alone or incombination with other terms, refers to an alkyl group having from onehalogen atom to 2s+1 halogen atoms which may be the same or different,where “s” is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group, wherein thealkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkylgroup is fluorinated only (e.g, a C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl group). In someembodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group comprises one or more ¹⁸Fradioisotope. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group comprises one ¹⁸Fradioisotope.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbonsincluding cyclized alkyl and/or alkenyl groups. Cycloalkyl groups caninclude mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) groupsand spirocycles. Cycloalkyl groups can have 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10ring-forming carbons (i.e., a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group). Ring-formingcarbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by oxoor sulfido (e.g., C(═O) or C(═S)). Example cycloalkyl groups includecyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl,norbornyl, and the like. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl,cyclononyl, or adamantyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl has 6-10ring-forming carbon atoms (i.e., a C₆₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group). In someembodiments, the cycloalkyl has 3-6 ring-forming carbon atoms (i.e., aC₃₋₆ cycloalkyl group).

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic aromaticheterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member selected fromsulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ringhas 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected fromnitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ringhas 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected fromnitrogen and sulfur. In some embodiments, any ring-forming N in aheteroaryl moiety can form an N-oxide. In some embodiments, theheteroaryl has 5-6 ring atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring membersindependently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In someembodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-6 ring atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen and sulfur.In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-6 ring atoms and 1 or 2heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen and sulfur.Exemplary five-membered ring heteroaryls include, but are not limitedto, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl,pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl,1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl,1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl,1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl. Exemplary six-membered ringheteroaryls include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, pyrazinyl,pyrimidinyl, triazinyl and pyridazinyl.

The term “compound” as used herein is meant to include allstereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of thestructures depicted. Compounds herein identified by name or structure asone particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomericforms unless otherwise specified.

Compounds provided herein also include tautomeric forms. Tautomericforms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent doublebond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomericforms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonationstates having the same empirical formula and total charge. Exampleprototropic tautomers include ketone—enol pairs, amide—imidic acidpairs, lactam—lactim pairs, enamine—imine pairs, and annular forms wherea proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, forexample, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be inequilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriatesubstitution.

All compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can befound together with other substances such as water and solvents (e.g.hydrates and solvates) or can be isolated.

In some embodiments, preparation of compounds can involve the additionof acids or bases to affect, for example, catalysis of a desiredreaction or formation of salt forms such as acid addition salts.

Example acids can be inorganic or organic acids and include, but are notlimited to, strong and weak acids. Some example acids includehydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid,benzenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and nitric acid. Some weakacids include, but are not limited to acetic acid, propionic acid,butanoic acid, benzoic acid, tartaric acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoicacid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, and decanoic acid.

Example bases include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, andsodium bicarbonate. Some example strong bases include, but are notlimited to, hydroxide, alkoxides, metal amides, metal hydrides, metaldialkylamides and arylamines, wherein; alkoxides include lithium, sodiumand potassium salts of methyl, ethyl and t-butyl oxides; metal amidesinclude sodium amide, potassium amide and lithium amide; metal hydridesinclude sodium hydride, potassium hydride and lithium hydride; and metaldialkylamides include lithium, sodium, and potassium salts of methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, trimethylsilyl andcyclohexyl substituted amides.

In some embodiments, the compounds and salts provided herein aresubstantially isolated. By “substantially isolated” is meant that thecompound is at least partially or substantially separated from theenvironment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation caninclude, for example, a composition enriched in the compounds providedherein. Substantial separation can include compositions containing atleast about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or atleast about 99% by weight of the compounds provided herein, or saltthereof. Methods for isolating compounds and their salts are routine inthe art.

The term, “room temperature” or “RT” as used herein, are understood inthe art, and refer generally to a temperature (e.g., a reactiontemperature) that is about the temperature of the room in which thereaction is carried out, for example, a temperature from about 20° C. toabout 30° C.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The present application also includes pharmaceutically acceptable saltsof the compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compoundswherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acidor base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts ofbasic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidicresidues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of the present application include the conventionalnon-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, fromnon-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of the present application can be synthesized from the parentcompound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventionalchemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting thefree acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amountof the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or ina mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethylacetate, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, or butanol) oracetonitrile (MeCN) are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company,Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2(1977). Conventional methods for preparing salt forms are described, forexample, in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, andUse, Wiley-VCH, 2002.

Methods of Use

The present application further provides of a method of blocking one ormore isoforms of voltage gated sodium channels in a cell sample ortissue sample. In some embodiments, the method comprises comprisingcontacting the cell sample or tissue sample with a compound providedherein (e.g., a compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present application further provides a method of blocking one ormore isoforms of voltage gated sodium channels in a subject. As usedherein, the term “subject,” refers to any animal, including mammals.Example subjects include, but are not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits,dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, and humans. In someembodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of any ofFormulas I-VIII and X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises blocking one or more voltagegated sodium channel isoforms selected from the group consisting ofNav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.4, Nav1.5, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Nav1.9,and Na_(X). In some embodiments, the method comprises blocking voltagegated sodium channel Nav1.5. As used herein, the term “blocking” refersto the binding and occluding of an intracellular or extracellular poreopening of one or more voltage gated sodium channels, thereby causingdecreased conductivity of sodium ions through the voltage gated sodiumchannel compared to a voltage gated sodium channel that is not blocked.

The present application further provides a method of imaging one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a cell sample or tissue sample.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) contacting the cell sample of tissue sample with compound        which binds to one or more voltage gated sodium channel        isoforms; and    -   ii) imaging the cell sample or tissue sample with an imaging        technique.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) contacting the cell sample or tissue sample with a compound        provided herein (e.g., a compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and        X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and    -   ii) imaging the cell sample or tissue sample with an imaging        technique.

The present application further provides a method of imaging one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a compound which binds to one or        more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms; and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a compound provided herein        (e.g., a compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X), or a        pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

In some embodiments, the method is a method of imaging one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises imaging one or more voltage gated sodium channel isoformsselected from the group consisting of Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.4,Nav1.5, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Nav1.9, and Na_(X). In some embodiments,the method comprises imaging voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.5. Insome embodiments, the voltage gated sodium channel isoform is selectedfrom the group consisting of SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN3A, SCN4A, SCN5A, SCN7A,SCN8A, SCN9A, SCN10A, and SCN11A. In some embodiments, the voltage gatedsodium channel isoform is SCN5A.

The present application further provides a method of imaging the heartin a subject. The present application further provides a method ofimaging the spinal cord in a subject. The present application furtherprovides a method of imaging a tumor in a subject.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a compound which binds to one or        more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms; and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a compound provided herein        (e.g., a compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X), or a        pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises optionallyadministering an imaging agent prior to the imaging of step ii). In someembodiments, the compound which binds to one or more voltage gatedsodium channel isoforms comprises one or more imaging agents (e.g., afluorescent moiety or a radioisotope capable of being imaged with animaging technique). In some embodiments, the compound provided herein(e.g., a compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprises one or more imagingagents (e.g., a fluorescent moiety or a radioisotope capable of beingimaged with an imaging technique). In some embodiments, the compound, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt, provided herein is a radiolabeledcompound (e.g. a radiolabeled compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present application further provides a method of monitoringtreatment of a disease associated with reduced total expression levelsof one or more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject. Thepresent application further provides a method of monitoring treatment ofa disease associated with increased total expression levels of one ormore voltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject. The presentapplication further provides a method of monitoring treatment of adisease associated with increased functional activity (i.e. openingfrequency) of one or more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms in asubject. The present application further provides a method of imaging adisease associated with reduced or increased expression levels of one ormore voltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject. The presentapplication further provides a method of imaging a disease associatedwith increased functional activity (i.e. opening frequency) of one ormore voltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) imaging the subject with an imaging technique;    -   ii) administering to the subject a compound which binds to one        or more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms;    -   iii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique; and    -   iv) comparing the image of step i) and the image of step iii).

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) imaging the subject with an imaging technique;    -   ii) administering to the subject a compound provided herein        (e.g., a compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X), or a        pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;    -   iii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique; and    -   iv) comparing the image of step i) and the image of step iii).

In some embodiments, the method is a method of monitoring treatment of adisease associated with abnormal expression levels of one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject. In some embodiments,the method is a method of imaging a disease associated with abnormalexpression levels of one or more voltage gated sodium channel isoformsin a subject. In some embodiments, the method is a method of monitoringtreatment of a disease associated with abnormal activity of one or morevoltage gated sodium channel isoforms in a subject. In some embodiments,the method is a method of imaging a disease associated with abnormalactivity of one or more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms in asubject.

In some embodiments, the disease is associated with abnormal expressionlevels or activity of one or more voltage gated sodium channel isoformsselected from the group consisting of Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.4,Nav1.5, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Nav1.9, and Na_(x). In some embodiments,the disease is associated with abnormal expression levels or activity ofvoltage gated sodium channel Nav1.5. In some embodiments, the disease isassociated with low expression levels of voltage gated sodium channelNav1.5 in the subject compared to the levels of sodium channel Nav1.5 ina control subject. In some embodiments, the disease is associated withabnormal activity of voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.5 in the subjectcompared to the activity of sodium channel Nav1.5 in a control subject.

In some embodiments, the disease is associated with abnormal expressionlevels or single channel activity of voltage gated sodium channelisoform SCN5A. In some embodiments, the disease is associated with lowexpression levels of voltage gated sodium channel isoform SCN5A in thesubject compared to the expression levels of sodium channel isoformSCN5A in a control subject. In some embodiments, the disease isassociated with abnormal activity of voltage gated sodium channelisoform SCN5A in the subject compared to the activity of sodium channelisoform SCN5A in a control subject.

In some embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consistingof cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and cancer.

In some embodiments, the cardiovascular disease is selected from thegroup consisting of cardiomyopathy (e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy),ventricular fibrillation, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, long QTsyndrome, Brugada syndrome, progressive cardiac conduction disease, sicksinus syndrome, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, myocarditis, andheart failure. In some embodiments, the cardiovascular disease comprisescardiac arrhythmia.

In some embodiments, the neurological disease is selected from the groupconsisting of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,neuropathic pain, diabetic pain, cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofbreast cancer, prostate cancer, and small cell lung cancer, andnon-small cell lung cancer.

The present application further provides a method of determining therisk of cardiovascular disease in a subject. In some embodiments, thecardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting ofcardiomyopathy (e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy), ventricular fibrillation,tachycardia, myocardial infarction, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome,progressive cardiac conduction disease, sick sinus syndrome, atrialfibrillation, hypertension, myocarditis, and heart failure. In someembodiments, the cardiovascular disease is heart failure.

In some embodiments, the method comprises:

-   -   i) administering to the subject a compound which binds to one or        more voltage gated sodium channel isoforms; and    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique; In some        embodiments, the method comprises:    -   i) administering to the subject a compound provided herein        (e.g., a compound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X), or a        pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;    -   ii) imaging the subject with an imaging technique;

In some embodiments, the method further comprises comparing the image ofstep ii) to a database of images, wherein the database comprises imagesselected from the group consisting of images of the heart of one or morehealthy subjects, images of the heart of one or more control subjects,images of the heart of one or more subjects determined to have about 10%to 90% risk of developing cardiovascular disease or symptoms associatedwith cardiovascular disease, for example, about 10% to 90% risk, about10% to 75% risk, about 10% to 50% risk, about 10% to 40% risk, about 10%to 25% risk, about 25% to 90% risk, about 25% to 75% risk, about 25% to50% risk, about 25% to 40% risk, about 40% to 90% risk, about 40% to 75%risk, about 40% to 50% risk, about 50% to 90% risk, about 50% to 75%risk, about 75% to 90% risk, images of the heart of one or more subjectsdetermined to have a greater than about 5% risk of developingcardiovascular disease or symptoms associated with cardiovasculardisease, images of the heart of one or more subjects determined to havea greater than about 10% risk of developing cardiovascular disease orsymptoms associated with cardiovascular disease, images of the heart ofone or more subjects determined to have a greater than about 20% risk ofdeveloping cardiovascular disease or symptoms associated withcardiovascular disease, images of the heart of one or more subjectsdetermined to have a greater than about 30% risk of developingcardiovascular disease or symptoms associated with cardiovasculardisease, images of the heart of one or more subjects determined to havea greater than about 40% risk of developing cardiovascular disease orsymptoms associated with cardiovascular disease, images of the heart ofone or more subjects determined to have a greater than about 50% risk ofdeveloping cardiovascular disease or symptoms associated withcardiovascular disease, images of the heart of one or more subjectsdetermined to have a greater than about 60% risk of developingcardiovascular disease or symptoms associated with cardiovasculardisease, images of the heart of one or more subjects determined to havea greater than about 70% risk of developing cardiovascular disease orsymptoms associated with cardiovascular disease, images of the heart ofone or more subjects determined to have a greater than about 80% risk ofdeveloping cardiovascular disease or symptoms associated withcardiovascular disease, images of the heart of one or more subjectsdetermined to have a greater than about 90% risk of developingcardiovascular disease or symptoms associated with cardiovasculardisease, images of the heart of one or more subjects determined to havea greater than about 95% risk of developing cardiovascular disease orsymptoms associated with cardiovascular disease, or any combinationthereof.

Example compounds which bind to one or more voltage gated sodium channelisoforms include, but are not limited to, Class 1a antiarrhythmic agents(e.g., quinidine, ajmaline, procainamide, and disopyramide); Class 1bantiarrhythmic agents (e.g., lidocaine, phenytoin, mexiletine, andtocainide), and Class 1c antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., encainide,flecainide, propafenone, moricizine, and fomocaine). In someembodiments, the compound is a Class 1b antiarrhythmic agent. In someembodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting oflidocaine and mexiletine.

In some embodiments, a “normal”, “healthy”, or “control” subject may bedetermined using an age-matched control, age-matched controls, orage-matched binning. As used herein, the term “age-matched control” and“age-matched controls” refers to a subject or subjects within about 6.5years in age compared to a test subject (e.g., +6.5 or −6.5 years). Insome embodiments, a normal or healthy subject may be determined usingage-matched binning, for example, a subject or subjects ranging fromabout from about 30 to about 35 years old, from about 35 to about 40years old, from about 40 to about 45 years old, from about 45 to about50 years old, from about 50 to about 55 years old, from about 55 toabout 60 years old, from about 60 to about 65 years old, from about 40to about 45 years old, from about 20 to about 30 years old, from about30 to about 40 years old, from about 40 to about 50 years old, fromabout 50 to about 60 years old, and the like.

In some embodiments, the imaging technique is a non-invasive imagingtechnique. In some embodiments, the imaging technique is a minimallyinvasive imaging technique. As used herein, the term “minimally invasiveimaging technique” comprises imaging techniques employing the use of aninternal probe or injection of a compound (e.g. a radiolabeled compound)via syringe.

Example imaging techniques include, but are not limited to, magneticresonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound imaging, tomographic imaging,positron emission tomography imaging, computed tomography, positronemission tomography with computed tomography imaging, and positronemission tomography with magnetic resonance imaging.

In some embodiments, the imaging technique is selected from the groupconsisting of single-photon emission computed tomography, positronemission tomography imaging, positron emission tomography with computedtomography imaging, positron emission tomography with magnetic resonanceimaging. In some embodiments, the imaging technique is positron emissiontomography imaging.

In some embodiments, the compound which binds to one or more voltagegated sodium channel isoforms, or the compounds provided herein (e.g., acompound of any of Formulas I-VIII and X), or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, are administered to the subject in atherapeutically effective amount. As used herein, the phrase“therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of activecompound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological ormedicinal response that is being sought in a tissue, system, animal,individual or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor orother clinician.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to one or moreof (1) inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease,condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displayingthe pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder(i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/orsymptomatology); and (2) ameliorating the disease; for example,ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who isexperiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of thedisease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/orsymptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease or reducingor alleviating one or more symptoms of the disease.

Combination Therapies

One or more additional therapeutic agents such as, for example,anti-inflammatory agents, steroids, immunosuppressants, anesthetics(e.g., for use in combination with a surgical procedure) or other agentsuseful for treating cardiovascular diseases can be used in combinationwith the compounds and salts provided herein.

Example anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to,aspirin, choline salicylates, celecoxib, diclofenac potassium,diclofenac sodium, diclofenac sodium with misoprostol, diflunisal,etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, meclofenamatesodium, mefenamic acid, nabumetone, naproxen, naproxen sodium,oxaprozin, piroxican, rofecoxib, salsalate, sodium salicylate, sulindac,tolmetin sodium, and valdecoxib.

Example steroids include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids suchas cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone,prednisolone, and prednisone.

Example immunosuppressants include, but are not limited to,azathioprine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, daclizumab,infliximab, methotrexate, and tacrolimus.

Example anesthetics include, but are not limited, to local anesthetics(e.g., lidocaine, procain, ropivacaine) and general anesthetics (e.g.,desflurane, enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, nitrousoxide, sevoflurane, mmobarbital, methohexital, thiamylal, thiopental,diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, etomidate, ketamine, propofol,alfentanil, fentanyl, remifentanil, buprenorphine, butorphanol,hydromorphone levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine,oxymorphone, pentazocine).

Examples of agents useful for treating cardiovascular diseases include,but are not limited to, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors(e.g., enalapril, captopril), angiotensin II receptor blockers (e.g.,losartan, valsartan), beta blockers (e.g., carvedilol, metoprolol,bisoprolol), calcium channel blockers (e.g., dihydropyridine agents suchas amlodipine and phenylalkylamine agents such as verapamil), diuretics(e.g., furosemide), and aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone,eplerenone).

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is administeredsimultaneously with a compound or salt provided herein. In someembodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is administered afteradministration of the compound or salt provided herein. In someembodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is administered prior toadministration of the compound or salt provided herein. In someembodiments, the compound or salt provided herein is administered duringa surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the compound or salt providedherein is administered in combination with an additional therapeuticagent during a surgical procedure.

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Formulations

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds and salts providedherein can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.These compositions can be prepared as described herein or elsewhere, andcan be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether localor systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated.Administration may be topical (including transdermal, epidermal,ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal andrectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation ofpowders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal orintranasal), oral, or parenteral. Parenteral administration includesintravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscularor injection or infusion; or intracranial, (e.g., intrathecal orintraventricular, administration). Parenteral administration can be inthe form of a single bolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuousperfusion pump. In some embodiments, the compounds, salts, andpharmaceutical compositions provided herein are suitable for parenteraladministration. In some embodiments, the compounds, salts, andpharmaceutical compositions provided herein are suitable for intravenousadministration.

Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administrationmay include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels,drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventionalpharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners andthe like may be necessary or desirable.

Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as theactive ingredient, a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers (e.g., excipients). In making thecompositions provided herein, the active ingredient is typically mixedwith an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such acarrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or othercontainer. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid,semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier ormedium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in theform of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs,suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in aliquid medium), ointments, soft and hard gelatin capsules,suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packagedpowders.

Some examples of suitable excipients include, without limitation,lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia,calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate,microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water,syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include,without limitation, lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate,and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents;preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates;sweetening agents; flavoring agents, or combinations thereof.

The active ingredient can be effective over a wide dosage range and isgenerally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It willbe understood, however, that the amount of the compound actuallyadministered will usually be determined by a physician, according to therelevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, thechosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, theage, weight, and response of the individual subject, the severity of thesubject's symptoms, and the like.

EXAMPLES

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specificexamples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes,and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those ofskill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-criticalparameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially thesame results.

General Materials and Methods

Analytical HPLC

Solid phase: Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ (5 μm 4.6×150 mm); Mobile phase:A=0.1% TFA in water; B=0.1% TFA in MeCN; Gradient: 0-1 min (5% B), 1-5min (5-50% B), 5-6 min (50% B), 6-10 min (50-95% B); Flow: 1.5 mL/min).

Semipreparative HPLC

Solid phase: Phenomenex Luna 5u C8(2) (100A 10×250 mm); Mobile Phase: 8%EtOH (200 proof) in water+0.01% phosphoric acid; Flow: 4.0 mL/min.

Radiotracer Formulations

The radiolabeled compound of Example 2 isolated from semipreparativeHPLC (typically 4-6 mL) was diluted with a 1/10 volume of 10×PBS bufferand filtered through a sterile 22 μm filter into a 10 mL sterileinjection vial. This injectable stock solution was diluted with sterilesaline to adjust for the desired volume and amount of radioactivity.Typically, concentrations of 1 mCi/mL and volumes of 1 mL/kg wereinjected in rats (e.g., 0.5 mCi in 0.5 mL for a 500 g animal). Fornon-human primate imaging, doses of ˜5 mCi were injected in volumes of4-6 mL.

Example 1. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide

N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide (500 mg, 2.4 mmol, 1.0eq) was dissolved in 5 mL DMF, and fluoroethyltosylate (635 mg, 2.9mmol, 1.2 eq) was added, followed by potassium carbonate (440 mg, 5mmol, 2.1 eq). The resulting suspension was stirred at 90° C. for 3hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture wasdiluted with 100 mL ethyl acetate and washed with 25 mL 1M NaOH (aq, 1×)and 25 mL of 1:1 mixture of brine and 1M NaOH (aq, 3×). The organiclayer was dried using sodium sulfate and concentrated using rotaryevaporation to yield an oily residue. The crude residue was purifiedusing automated flash chromatography (ISCO, 24 g silica column, gradient0-5% MeOH in dichloromethane) yielding the title product (335 mg, 1.3mmol, 56% yield). The purifiedN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide wasisolated as an oil, which solidified to an off-white solid upon storageat room temperature.

TLC (silica, 5% MeOH/DCM, UV): single spot, Rf=0.41. Analytical HPLC:R_(t)=4.60 min. LRMS (LCMS, ESI): single peak, (M+H⁺)(calc)=253.2;(M+H⁺)(found)=253.2. HRMS (ESI): (M+H⁺)(calc)=253.1711;(M+H⁺)(found)=253.1743. ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, acetonitrile-d₃, chemicalshift in ppm): 135.65; 134.72; 127.84; 126.89; 82.03 (d, ¹J=164 Hz);57.25; 54.32 (d, ²J=20 Hz); 49.64; 17.73; 11.24.

Example 2.N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide

Step 1. 2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

Ethane-1,2-diyl bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) (5 mg) was reacted withfreshly dried ¹⁸FK[2.2.2] in 1 mL MeCN for 10 min at 110° C. Thereaction mixture was added to a shielded 24 mL syringe with 20 mL ofwater, and a precipitate formed. This precipitate was filtered (22 μmfilter) and the desired product was trapped on a strataX reversed phasecartridge, as shown in FIG. 1E. The column was dried with air using afresh 24 mL syringe and eluted in 500 μL MeCN to afford the titlecompound in 40-60% non-decay corrected isolated yield.

Step 2.N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide

Freshly prepared 2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate wasdissolved in 500 μL MeCN and added to a vial containing 2 mg ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide. The resulting mixturewas heated to 100° C. for 10 min to afford the title product. Thereaction mixture was purified using semi-preparative HPLC yielding pureand injectableN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide.(≥99.5% radiochemical purity). The isolated, non-decay correctedradiochemical yield typically ranged from 40-60%. The specific activityof N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidewas determined using an analytical HPLC calibration curve. At the timeof injection, specific activity was 4.9±3.5 mCi/nmol. Analytical HPLC:R_(t)=4.65 min. Semipreparative HPLC: 17-18 min.

Example 3. Ex Vivo Autoradiography of Rat Myocardium

Heart sections (20 m thickness) were prepared using a −20° C. cryostatand thaw-mounted onto gelatin-coated slides. The slides were stored at−20° C. until the day of the experiment. Sections were then incubated atroom temperature in 50 mL baths containing either 10 mM Tris-HCl or 10mM Tris-HCl and the indicated concentration of lidocaine orN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide for 10min. 100 Ci ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide wasadded to each bath. Following 15 min incubation at room temperature,sections were dipped 3× in a fresh bath containing 10 mM Tris-HCl andsubsequently washed for 1 min in an additional bath of 10 mM Tris-HCl.Slides were carefully wiped dry on absorbent towels, dried under vacuumfor 30 min and exposed for 1 h to a multisensitive phosphorscreendeveloped using a Cyclone Plus phosphorimager (both from PerkinElmer)and the resulting parent image was evaluated using ImageJ software(NIH). Individual images of sections were cropped using ImageJ with noadditional adjustment to color levels/thresholds. The experimental setupwas designed such that both baseline and competition experimentscontained the same amount of radioactivity and were imaged on the samescreen. For variation of incubation times, the washing time was heldconstant at 1 min. For variation of washing times, the incubation washeld constant at 15 min.

Using ex vivo imaging by means of F-18 autoradiography, the extent ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidespecific binding was determined in the rat myocardium and itsassociation and dissociation time course were measured. FIG. 1A showsimages of a healthy rat myocardial slices (20 μm) incubated withN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide(top) orN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide withexcess N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide(bottom) for self-competition. The upper image of FIG. 1A shows a strongand homogeneous signal across the entire myocardium of the right andleft ventricle (RV & LV). The competition experiment shown in the lowerimage demonstrated that nearly all of the observed signal was saturableand specific binding (B_(S)) accounted for ˜70% of overall binding, asshown in FIG. 1B. A comparison between lidocaine andN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide ascompetition ligands, as shown in FIG. 1B, revealed thatN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide providedthe same level of B_(NS) as lidocaine, which showed that the compoundsare mutually exclusive for receptor sites in the myocardium. Inaddition, both saturating concentrations of lidocaine andN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide can beused to determine B_(S). Using the DeBlasi considerations fordetermination of receptor numbers, B_(S) directly correlates to B_(max)and was used for quantitative comparison of channel populations (seee.g., DeBlasi et al, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1989, 10:227-229).

To ensure that the protocol represented binding equilibrium conditions,incubation times were varied, as shown in FIG. 1C, and it was determinedthat the specific binding (B_(S)) reached a constant level after a 5 minincubation. Similar to rapid kinetics towards binding equilibrium, thetime-course of wash-out was fast, as shown in FIG. 1D, with a 50%reduction of total binding after 1 min. The fast time course ofassociation and dissociation observed inN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamideautoradiography matches the instant antiarrhythmic effect of a lidocaineinfusion, which quickly ceases after the infusion is stopped (see e.g.,Collinsworth et al, Circulation, 1974, 50:1217-1230).

Example 4. Rodent PET-CT or PET Data Acquisition and Processing

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (400-500 g) were anesthetized with inhalationalisoflurane (Forane) (3% in a carrier of 1.5-2 L/min medical oxygen forinduction and 2% isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia during thescan). Lateral tail vein catheters were placed for intravenous (i.v.)injection of the compounds. Two rats were arranged head-to-head in aTriumph Trimodality PET/CT/SPECT scanner (Gamma Medica, Northridge,Calif.) or a MicroPET P4 scanner. Rats were injected with lidocainedissolved in saline or pure saline 5 minutes before the start of PETacquisition and injection ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide.Dynamic PET acquisition was performed over 45 min and was followed bycomputed tomography (CT) for anatomic coregistration and attenuationcorrection. PET data were reconstructed using a 3D-MLEM method resultingin a full width at half-maximum (fwhm) resolution of 1 mm. Reconstructedimages were exported from the scanner in DICOM format along with ananatomic CT for rodent studies. These files were imported to AMIDE andGaussian filtered (kernel size=15, fwhm=1.5 mm). Regions of interest(ROIs) were drawn manually at the lung and myocardium guided byhigh-resolution CT structural images and summed PET data.Time-activity-curves (TACs) were exported in terms of decay correctedactivity per unit volume at specified time points with graduallyincreasing intervals.

The in vivo cardiac mPET imaging experiments in healthy rats were usedto determine the extent of specific binding and the signal to backgroundratio in the living heart for comparison to autoradiography, as shown inFIGS. 2A-2E.

Single bolus injections ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide(i.e., radiocaine) provided a full representation of the rat myocardiumfrom coronal, sagittal and transverse views, as shown in FIG. 2A.Despite the movement from heart contraction and breathing, thenon-motion-corrected images provided a clear view of the left ventricle;horseshoe-shaped in the coronal view or circular in sagittal- andtransverse views. As shown in FIG. 2B, the myocardial baseline signalshowed up to 2% ID/cc and the time-course of radiotracer binding wasfast and correlated with the ex vivo experiments described herein. Acomparison of the myocardium to the lung was used to assess clearance ofthe radiolabeled compound from the blood pool and signal to backgroundratio, as shown in FIG. 2B.

Clearance from the blood pool was very fast, revealing the rapidmyocardial signal only 3 min after bolus injection. To interrogate thespecificity of the signal, increasing concentrations of lidocaine wereadministered intravenously 5 minutes prior to injection of theradiolabeled compound, as shown in FIG. 2C, to pre-occupy potentialbinding sites. The ratio of myocardial to lung signal was used as ameasurement to assess the signal to background ratio as a function ofdrug occupancy. Compared to vehicle injection, signal reduction wasobserved starting at doses of 0.1 mg/kg lidocaine. The lower panel ofFIG. 2A shows complete block of the myocardial radiocaine signal, whichis represented by a signal to background ratio of 1 for a 5.0 mg/kglidocaine dose, shown in FIG. 2C. The myocardial radiocaine signal wasfully saturable and the extent of specific binding was even higher forthe in vivo mPET rat experiments than the ex vivo autoradiographyexperiments described in Example 3.

Next, bolus-infusion experiments were performed to investigate theradiocaine signal at equilibrium conditions and apply lidocainechallenges during the dynamic scan, as shown in FIG. 2D. Applying anintravenous bolus of ˜150 μCiN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidefollowed by a constant infusion of ˜300 μCi through the same vein overthe course of 60 min provided a stable baseline signal after 20 min.Injection of vehicle through an additional i.v. line led to no change insignal, as shown in FIG. 2E. However, lidocaine injections reduced thesignal in a dose-dependent manner. A complete reduction of theradiolabeled compound signal to background level was achieved with 5mg/kg lidocaine, which correlated to the pre-block experimental data, asshown in FIG. 2C. The in-scan challenges allowed for an estimation ofthe in vivo IC₅₀ of lidocaine at the myocardium of ˜0.7 mg/kg. Assuminga blood volume of 30 mL (500 mg rat) following the general equationBV=0.06×BW+0.77 (see e.g., Lee et al, J. Nucl. Med. 1985, 26:72-76) thisvalue corresponds to a 40 μM concentration, which is in the expectedrange for lidocaine (see e.g., Hesse et al, Cardiovasc. Res. 2007,75:498-509).

In addition, the time course of the reduction inN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidesignal allowed for an estimation of the residence time (t_(1/2) ⁻¹) ofthe radiotracer at ˜1 min⁻¹. It was noted that the plateau of the fullblock with a 5 mg/kg lidocaine dose was reached only 3 minutes after thepharmacological dose, which is the same time that theN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidebolus needs to reach its peak signal, as shown in FIG. 2C. Thisindicates that the radiolabeled compound and nd lidocaine have verysimilar binding kinetics.

Example 5. PET/MR Imaging of Non-Human Primates

Two female baboons (Papio anubis, weight=15.2±1.6 kg) were deprived offood for 12 h prior to the study. Anesthesia was induced withintramuscular ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg). Afterendotracheal intubation, the baboons were catheterized antecubitally forinjection of the radiolabeled compound. Anesthesia was maintained usingisoflurane (1-1.5%, 100% oxygen, 1 L/min) during the scan, andketamine/xylazine effects were reversed with yobine (0.11 mg/kg, i.m.)before image acquisition. Vital signs, including heart rate, respirationrate, blood pressure, O₂ saturation, and end tidal CO₂, were monitoredcontinuously and recorded every 15 min. Simultaneous PET/MR data wereacquired using a Siemens Biograph mMR system (Siemens Healthcare,Erlangen, Germany). Each animal underwent a baseline and a blocking scanon two separate days. MR body imaging was performed with real-timerespiratory bellow gating and using the body matrix coil and thebuilt-in spine coil as the receiving coil elements. High-resolutionanatomical T1-weighted, dual echo, gradient echo sequence was acquiredwith the following parameters: TR=194 ms, TE1/TE2=1.23/2.46 ms, matrixsize 256×256, FOV=35 cm, phase FOV 65.6% (in-plane resolution=1.4 mm), 4mm slice thickness, and 80 slices. For the purpose of MR-basedattenuation correction of the PET data, a T1-weighted, 2-point Dixon 3Dvolumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) scan wasobtained. PET data were obtained using a single-bed position with anaxial field of view of 25.8 cm, and a transverse field of view of 59.4cm. PET data were acquired dynamically for 60 min (bolus injection ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide) or90 min (bolus/infusion ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide)after intravenous administration ofN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamide(5.0±0.2 mCi bolus or 4 mCi bolus+4 mCi infusion). PET data were storedin list mode, and reconstruction was performed using a 3D-OSEM methodwith detector efficiency, decay, dead time, attenuation, and scattercorrections applied. ROIs of the left myocardium and the ventricle weremanually delineated from the T1-weighted anatomical image as well assummed PET-images using AMIDE to plot time-activity curves of themyocardium and cardiac blood pool. Standard uptake unit (SUV) wascalculated as the mean radioactivity per injected dose per weight.

The extent of signal specificity and background clearance was measuredand is shown in FIG. 3A-3C. Single bolus injection of the radiolabeledcompound in a healthy baboon provided a full representation of themyocardium, as shown in FIGS. 3A-3B. At early time points (30-150 s),the thoracic PET scan showed the blood-filled heart and lungs. After 2-3min, the blood background cleared, as shown in FIG. 2B, and the leftmyocardium appeared as a strong signal with up to 300 SUV. When comparedto the in vivo rodent experiments described in Example 4, the largerorgan of the baboon also provided resolution of a signal within theright myocardium, however with much lower intensity, which would beexpected for the smaller, weaker muscle. Administering a 5 mg/kg dose oflidocaine prior to injection of the radiolabeled compound blocked themyocardial signal, as shown in FIG. 3A, lower panel, and FIG. 3C. It wasconcluded that theN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl)amino)acetamidesignal at the myocardium of non-human primates was specific. The evidentdifference between the right and left myocardial signal in the sameanimal was a useful indicator for the expected change in radiolabeledcompound signal that may be observed in cardiomyopathies.

The specific binding was confirmed in a second baboon, and was measuredusing a bolus+infusion paradigm. The animal was injected with a bolus of4 mCi radiocaine, followed by continuous administration of 4 mCiradiocaine over 90 min scan. A dose of 5 mg/kg lidocaine wasadministered (through a second i.v. line) after equilibrium conditionswere reached. Within 10 minutes, the myocardial signal had reached thebackground level of the ventricle, with an estimated residence time of 5min⁻¹. The overall time-course of binding in both bolus andbolus+infusion experiments was longer in baboons than in rats, which wasexpected for the high order species. However, scan-times of only 20-30min were sufficient to capture the majority binding kinetics which isuseful for human imaging, in particular with the ventricle or the lungsas an internal quantitative reference.

Example 6. Ex Vivo Autoradiography of Human Heart Tissue

To detect changes is SCN5A density in healthy and diseased human leftventricular tissue samples, the autoradiography conditions described inExample 1 were used (15 min incubation, 1 min wash) and lidocaine wasused as the competition ligand at 500 μM concentration. Non-failinghuman donor heart samples were compared to explanted tissue frompatients who had suffered from heart failure due to idiopathic dilatedcardiomyopathy (DCM) and required cardiac transplantation, as shown inFIGS. 4A-4B (see e.g., Japp et al, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016,67:2996-3010).

Tissue samples encompassed a moderately sized group of age and gendermatched subjects, as shown in Table 1 (NF=non-failing, F=failing(idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy)).

TABLE 1 Summary of Subjects NF1 F1 NF2 F2 age (y) age (y) age (y) age(y) 37 41 54 51 40 43 56 59 46 45 60 62 47 45 60 63 53 46 65 65 AVG AVGAVG AVG 44.6 ± 6.3  44.0 ± 2.0  59.0 ± 4.2  60.0 ± 5.5 

A ˜30% decrease of B_(max) between NF1 and F1 was observed, as shown inFIG. 4A, which is the first time that cardiac sodium channel density hasbeen linked to heart failure in humans. In addition, a trend wasobserved between the two healthy groups NF1 and NF2 as signal reducedwith age.

To exclude that the reduced signal was the result of a decrease inaffinity in diseased vs. healthy tissue and confirm a deficit in channeldensity, dose-response experiments were performing usingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)acetamide as thecompetition ligand. Using the modified Cheng-Prusoff equation forself-inhibition, these measurements allowed for the determination ofK_(d)-values for the groups NF1 and F1, as shown in FIG. 4B. It wasfound that on average there was no difference in K_(d)-values betweenthe groups. A ˜30% reduction in B_(max) was observed. It was concludedfrom these data that the sodium channel density was reduced in tissuesamples of DCM-failing myocardium compared to non-failing, age-matchedtissue.

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process of preparing a compound of FormulaVIII:

or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of Formula Ic:

with a compound of Formula IX:

in the presence of a base, wherein: LG is a leaving group; R¹ isselected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and n is an integer from 0 to
 5. 2. Theprocess of claim 1, wherein the base is a carbonate base.
 3. The processof claim 1, wherein the reacting is performed at a temperature of about50° C. to about 150° C.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein about 1 toabout 1.5 equivalents of the compound of Formula IX is used based on 1equivalent of the compound of Formula Ic.
 5. A process of preparing acompound of Formula X:

or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of Formula Ic:

with a compound of Formula IXa:

wherein: LG is a leaving group; R¹ is selected from the group consistingof H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; each R³ is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and nis an integer from 0 to
 5. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein thereaction is performed at a temperature of about 50° C. to about 150° C.7. The process of claim 5, wherein LG is a leaving group selected fromthe group consisting of tosylate, mesylate, and a halide.
 8. The processof claim 5, wherein LG is a leaving group selected from the groupconsisting of tosylate, mesylate, and bromide.
 9. The process of claim5, wherein LG is a leaving group selected from the group consisting oftosylate and mesylate.
 10. The process of claim 5, wherein LG is atosylate group.
 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction isperformed in a solvent selected from a polar aprotic solvent or a polarprotic solvent.
 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the solvent isselected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide,dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile.
 13. The process of claim 11,wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting ofdimethylformamide and acetonitrile.
 14. A process of preparing acompound of the following formula:

or a salt thereof, comprising reactingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide with 2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate, wherein the reacting is performed in a polaraprotic solvent.
 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the reaction isperformed as a one-pot synthesis.
 16. The process of claim 14, whereinthe polar aprotic solvent is dimethylsulfoxide.
 17. A process ofpreparing a compound of the following formula:

or a salt thereof, comprising reactingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide with1-bromo-2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethane in the presence of NaI, wherein thereaction is performed in a polar aprotic solvent.
 18. A process ofpreparing a compound of the following formula:

or a salt thereof, comprising reactingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide with1-(fluoro-¹⁸F)-2-iodoethane, wherein the reaction is performed in apolar aprotic solvent.
 19. A process of preparing a compound of thefollowing formula:

or a salt thereof, comprising reactingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide with1-(fluoro-¹⁸F)-2-iodoethane, wherein the reaction is performed in apolar aprotic solvent.
 20. A process of preparing a compound of thefollowing formula:

or a salt thereof, comprising reactingN-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)acetamide with a mixture of1-bromo-2-(fluoro-¹⁸F)ethane and 1-(fluoro-¹⁸F)-2-iodoethane, whereinthe reaction is performed in a polar aprotic solvent.